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Pada tahun 1940-an konsep jaringan komputer mulai dikembangkan dari sebuah proyek yang digarap oleh grup riset dari Universitas Harvard yang dipimpin oleh Prof. H.Aiken. Proyek tersebut ingin memanfaatkan sebuah perangkat komputer yang harus bisa digunakan bersama.

1950-an muncul kebutuhan: sebuah komputer harus melayani beberapa terminal sekaligus. Karena itu, muncullah konsep TSS (Time Sharing System), yaitu proses berdasarkan waktu. Saat itulah untuk pertama kalinya bentuk jaringan komputer mulai diterapkan. Pada system ini, beberapa terminal dihubungkan ke sebuah host komputer.

Jaringan komputer mulai digunakan dalam cakupan kawasan yang luas pada tahun 1969. Departemen Pertahanan Amerika, U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) mengadakan penelitian tentang cara menghubungkan sejumlah komputer agar membentuk jaringan organik. Program riset tersebut dikenal dengan nama ARPANET.

Awal tahun 1970-an, beban pekerjaan yang harus bisa dikerjakan oleh komputer bertambah banyak. Pada masa itu perangkat komputer besar menjadi sangat mahal. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan, maka digunakan konsep Distributed Processing. Proses ini memungkinkan beberapa host komputer bekerja secara pararel menangani beberapa terminal yang tersambung.

Pada awalnya, ARPANET hanya bisa menghubungkan 4 host. Pada tahun 1971, ARPANET mulai berkembang sehingga bisa menghubungkan 23 host. Pada tahun ini juga Roy Tomlinson menciptakan email.

 Tahun 1972, Roy Tomlinson menyempurnakan program email tersebut untuk ARPANET. Pada tahun yang sama, ikon @ mulai digunakan.

Tahun 1973, jaringan komputer ARPANET dikembangkan ke luar Amerika Serikat. Komputer Uni¬versity College di London merupakan komputer pertama di luar Amerika yang menjadi anggota jaringan ARPANET. Pada tahun yang sama, Vinton Cerf dan Bob Kahn, mengemukakan sebuah ide, yaitu “A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication”.
Tanggal 26 Maret1976, Ratu Inggris berhasil mengirimkan email dari Royal Signals and Radar Establishment di Malvern. Hal ini menimbulkan dampak yang cukup besar, karena setahun kemudian, lebih dari 100 komputer bergabung di ARPANET membentuk sebuah jaringan.

Pada1979, Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis, dan Steve Bellovin mendirikan newsgroup yang diberi nama USENET.

1981, France Telecom menciptakan telepon televisi pertama, sehingga orang bisa menelepon sambil berhubung¬an dengan video link.
Karena komputer yang membentuk jaringan semakin hari semakin banyak jumlahnya, maka dibutuhkan se¬buah protokol resmi yang bisa dijadikan standar dalam semua jaringan.

 Pada tahun 1982, terciptalah Transmission Control Protocol atau TCP dan IP.
Tahun 1988, Jarko Oikarinen menemukan IRC (Internet Relay Chat). Setahun setelahnya  jumlah komputer yang bisan saling berhubungan bertambah 10 kati lipat.

Tahun 1990  Tim Berners Lee menemukan program editor dan browser yang bisa menjelajah dari satu komputer ke komputer lainnya, yang membentuk jaringan. Program ini disebut www, atau World Wide Web.

Tahun 1992, terhitung jumlah komputer yang saling mem¬bentuk jaringan sudah sejuta lebih komputer, dan di tahun ini lah dikenal istilah surfing (menjelajah).

Tahun 1994, situs-situs internet telah mencapai angka 3000 alamat web dan kemudian mulai dikenal virtual shopping atau e-retail. Di tahun ini juga, mahasiswa Stanford University bernama Jerry Yang dan David Filo mendirikan Yahoo!(Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle). Tahun ini pun juga merupakan tahun diperkenalkannya Netscape Navigator 1.0.
Sampai sekarang, jaringan komputer terus berkem¬bang seiring perkembangan dunia teknologi yang berkembang dengan pesat pula.

At my room. 11:57 PM
I write this posting after study about Operating System Lesson. I will get an examination tomorrow at 7 AM. Actually I feel sleepy. But I think I can’t sleep before finish my study and write this.
Today is 9 December 2008. In 22 days we will pass this year and then New Year will come. Time is run so fast. Hope that I was passed at this year can make me better.
Wow, it was about 1, 5 years I has be friend with my classmates. I love them. Because they so kind and friendly. Lucky I can know them. They always help me, give me support, and make me happy. Although sometimes make me sad and angry, but it is okay. Because they have given more for me: Friendship, happiness, and experience. That’s so valuable.
At my last posting, I want to say thanks to my classmates. For all that they give to me. Thanks, that they can really see me all of time. And I want to say that I love them more than I can show it.
^o^

I like playing game while listening to the music at my computer. If I was played, I can forget anything that makes me sad and confused. I feel better after that. I often played at night, and sleep at midnight.
The game that I like to play is Age of Empires. It is a strategy and war game inter ethnic group. We can choose a kind of ethnic and play as it. The ethnic that available are Britons, Byzantines, Celts, Chinese, Franks, Goths, Japanese, Mongols, Persians, Saracens, Tetons, Turks, and Viking. Each of them has a different history.
First, we must build some house for the villager living. One house can take in 5 villagers. Then we can build other object:
1. Farm to get food and Mill to receive the goods farm.
2. Mining camp to mining stone and gold. Stone and gold are used to make building and army.
3. Lumber camp to get some wood from the forest. Wood is used to make building.
4. Dock. From this building, we can produce ship for transportation, ship for catch fish, and ship war that have a weapon.
If our resources that enough, we can upgrade our civilization and go to the next level on culture. The civilizations that must player pass are Dark Age, Feudal Age, Castle Age, Imperial Age and the last is Post Imperial Age. Every civilization that we passed, we get some new facility and resources that can make our ethnic better.
While we construct our village, we also make big army and plan to attack other village. The object of this game is to destroy the enemy village.
I like the strategy game like this. Other strategy games that I like are Roller Coaster Tycoon and Caesar.

I study at Padjadjaran University, in Faculty of Mathematic and Science. I have 46 classmates. They are very kind and friendly. But sometime they can be annoyed. Now I wanna tell about my friends.
1.    Alin.
She is a smart and kind girl. She lives at Purwakarta Street, Antapani. Her hobby is crying, writing, shoping and smiling. She is a small and cute girl. Colour that she likes is pink.
2.    Erlin
She is a girl with glasses. She likes watching and eating. Her tall is 163 cm. She is very shy, kind, and friendly.
3.    Frie
Full name is Friyatni Adhidaivany. She is a smart, kind, and clever girl. At Sunday, Frie follows some test to be a PJ Assistant Lab in my collage. Her hobby is eating, reading a novel and comic. She likes purple colour.
4.    Isan
He is my partner at practical work. He is a kind, funny, and friendly boy. Every day he always uses motorcycle to go to collage. He have a big bag and big note book like a sales man ^o^. His hobbies are studying about VB and Linux.
5.    Namira
Namira has a curly hair and white skin. She was born at November 5 nineteen years ago. She has a boy friend. Namira is a kind, clever and funny girl. She likes music very much. she has little brother named Gelar.
6.    Wulan
Wulan, she can’t spell “R” with very well.  So when she says a word with “r”, it’s sound like errrmmmmmm. She has a tall body, curly hair, and short hair. She always late to come to college, because she hates waking up early in the morning, that’s why she’s rarely come to college in the morning.

Do you know Doraemon?
He is a figure from Japan. Fujiko F. Fujio makes comic with this figure at 50 years ago. People love it and then it’s make a serial on television.
Doraemon is robot cat from 20 century. He has a sister named Dorami. Doraemon was going to Japan in tens years ago to help a little boy named Nobita. Nobita is a lazy boy. His always late wake up early morning, not doing his homework, sleeps at class, and makes his teacher angry and also his parents. Nobita also snivel and naughty. But actually, he is a kind boy.
Nobita’s grandchild was send Doraemon into past is to help Nobita. Every day Nobita always run into trouble with his friends, teacher, and parents. He always be sneaky with Giant and Suneo. They are nobita’s friends, who are so annoying.
But Nobita always be help with Sizhuka, the girl who very kind and smart. Nobita like she very much. He always dreams that he can be a boy friend for her and married at someday.
Doraemon It’s consist about 10 volumes. The book is tells about Nobita’s activity. Everyday Nobita always be unlucky and he is very improper. Doraemon have a magic pocket. He can take many tools that magic too. Nobita always borrow tools from Doraemon. Nobita and Doraemon be a close friend.
I like this comic because the story is funny and unique. The story can make me see visions. I like the story of friendship Nobita, Doraemon, and they friends. Although sometimes they conceited, but actually they pity one another.

Sunday. November 9
It’s a bad day. I late for my schedule, quarrel with my sister, get caught in rain, and I feel so restless because tomorrow is mid test for VB time. Oh, once more. I’m confused of my theme posting for this week. And here I go, make some bad sentence that I feel tonight.
Maybe at this posting I just want to share about my story at two years ago. That time, I was in Senior High School at my third year. I will pass trough a test, its called UAN. And then I will register to a university. At this time, I was confused to determine which one of university that I will choose. At last, I was chosen Indonesian Literature at Indonesian University of Education (UPI). I was chosen Indonesian Literature because I like my Indonesian Language teacher and my school grades for this course are good. Actually, my parents are not permitted me to choose that, but I don’t care (Oooo, forgive me!!)
I follow a program, its called PMDK. It’s like a special program from some university. The student can join the university without test. I follow this program because I was not feeling like to be testing anymore.
I was accepted! I was not supposing about that before. And then I become a student of Indonesian University of Education.
At my second year, I feel bored with my university lecture. Everyday I study about language and literature. It was not makes me be challenge. I start to think my ability is not here. I tell to my parents, and they order me to try following a test at other university. So, at 2007 I take a test in University of Padjadjaran (UNPAD) and I was accepted too.
At first, I try to take all at once, my lecture in UPI and UNPAD. But I can’t handle it. I was so tired and overwhelmed. So, at my second semester at UNPAD, I decide to leave my study at UPI.
Many people ask me about that. They say I lose out many things, money, time, knowledge and others. But I think that so more lose out if I still hold out at my old university lecture, because I don’t like it and I can’t expand my ability in Indonesian lecture. I like my new university lecture and my new friends so much, and I don’t feel regret about that.

A few months ago, me and my friend was watch a movie titled One Missed Call. This movie is produced by Warner Bros, Alcon Entertainment, and Kadokawa Pictures and be director by Eric Valette. Some actress who are play in this movie are Shanny Sossamon, Edward Burns, Ana Claudia, Ray Wise, and many more. Genre of this movie is horror.
One Missed Call is adoption from novel titled Chakushin Ari by Yasushi Akimoto. This movie tells about some people who received mysterious SMS in a row. The content is threat of murderer. Although the SMS was deleted, but the message and the number still appear.
Some people who received that is really die. Beth Raymond (be played by Shanny Sossamon) see the die of two her friends in one day. Previously, they received some mysterious SMS. The strange thing is process of die is exactly like written in SMS and the time is same when they received the message.
The police think Beth is experience a soul disturbs, except a detective, Jack Andrews (be played by Edward Burns). Beth and Jack try to solve the riddle of the SMS. They do research about the number who sends the SMS. Slowly, they can solve the riddle and discovery a story that cause people die.
But, when they closely know the fact, a message appears in Beth’s handphone. The content is: One Missed Call. It makes Beth afraid and confused. Some accidents closely make her die. But at last Jack can help Beth to solve the riddle complete and save Beth’s soul.

It’s my third post. I want to tell you about once of my favourite magazine. It’s Intisari. This magazine has contents about knowledge and education about anything. I like read this because it’s give me some information that can’t I get from other magazine. Intisari come out every month.
Just a minute ago, I found my old edition of Intisari. That is April 2008 edition. I read again and found once of my favourite article. The title is “Cristina is not Evita”. It’s writing by Yatie Asfan Lubis from Jakarta. The article tells about a new President of Argentina, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner. The writer compares her with the other icon of Argentina at 1950, Evita Peron.
Evita is Juan Peron’s (President of Argentina at that time) wife. She is so beautiful, smart and brave. At her state, she was be an idol and be disliked all at once. Until this time, Evita Peron’s name still remembered.
Now, Argentina has a new idol. She’s beautiful, smart, and brave too like Evita.
Evita is growing up in a mess family. She’s so needy. But she so persevering challenges her fate, at last she can make some male falling in love with her. And then she be Juan Peron’s girl friend and marry at June 1944. Clan elite in Argentina aren’t give respect to Evita. But she becomes an idol for needy citizenry. Evita’s supporter calls her “Madona de Los Descamidos”.
Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner is wife of trace President Nestor Kirchner. She graduated as lawyer from La Plata University at 1970. She was start politic career at Tendencia Revolucionaria from Justisialis.  She beautiful likes Evita. Cristina and Evita like grooming so much. They always wear an expensive clothes and jewels.
Evita pass away at July 26 1952, 33 years old. One day before she die, she was say to her husband, “I ask only one thing from you, never abandon the poor. They are the only ones who know how to be loyal.”

No day without reading...
I like reading so much. I like to read comic, novel, magazine, etc.
One of my favourite comic is Isyarat Mieko. It consist about 10 volumes. This story is set in Japan culture and tells about social life of deaf girl names Mieko. Mieko, prominent figure in this story, she was deaf since she was child. It’s about 1 years old. Suddenly she has fever and she can’t hear anything anymore. She’s parents is so sad and desperate, but at last they can accept that.
Mieko’s parents hold her with love and much protection. They scared about Mieko’s health and safety. Sometimes that makes Mieko feel resentful, because she forbids doing anything.  She not permitted to play like other child, bike, playing in garden, etc. Little Mieko must study how to use sign language (language for deaf people). It’s like make a sign with hands to say a word. This language is used for communication of deaf people. She also must study how to speak. But it’s so hard. Sometimes Mieko feel so sad and angry about her parents.
Mieko was school in special school. It’s specifically for deaf person. Someday, Mieko’s teacher gives homework. The student must write a discourse about them aspiration in the future. Mieko not doing her homework because Mieko think she cannot to be anything. She was thinking that a deaf person will not accept in general community. When Mieko was child, she is a coward girl and pessimistic. But caused by guidance from her parents, she can became an optimist person when she adult.
The first volume of Isyarat Mieko is told about firs time Mieko joined with a big company in Tokyo as office girl. At first, Mieko friends cannot adjust with lack of Mieko ability. They feel so disturbed when Mieko asking some task about her job.  But Mieko isn’t surrender. She works diligently. All of task that give to her can doing by her self. She was happy if she can useful for her company. She always be the first arrive to the office and be the last to go home.
Hirofumi Nobe is young man, once of Mieko’s friends in company. One day he was look Mieko came to the office early morning and do her job. Without him aware, Nobe always watch Mieko in silent. He was respect for Mieko, and sometimes he poor of her because Mieko cannot speak normally. She cannot talk to somebody else.  Because of that, Nobe try to learn sign language so he can talk with Mieko. Nobe go to the book store and buy some books about sign language and then he learn sign language by him self.
First word that Nobe says to Mieko is expression ‘Good Morning’. Mieko feels so happy because there is person who wants to learn sign language. Finally, they are be a close friend and always go hang out together.
After a long time, Nobe and Mieko are in love. And they plan to marry as soon as possible. Mieko’s parents are blessed and so happy about that, but Nobe’s Mom is not. But finally, Nobe and Mieko can convince they parents.
In the other books tells about Mieko’s life after she was married. Problem of her social life and many more. It’s so complicated, but Mieko always can pass it. That makes Mieko stronger and be a resolute girl. This book gives course about how to live and think optimist about this life. This book also can remind us that not all of people are luck. Some people born with flawed, but sometimes they are more resolute than normal people.

Since one year ago, I was joined university choir (UNPAD Choir). The activity of this organisation is sing in formal agenda of UNPAD and several ceremony. One of our routine activities is sing in graduation ceremony Padjadjaran University student.
At this ceremony we sing several songs, that is Karatagan Padjadjaran (song with Sundanese language), Indonesia Raya (nationalist song), Mengheningkan Cipta, Bagimu Negri, etc.
This agenda was do at Graha Sanusi (hall building UNPAD ), it was at campus UNPAD on Dipati Ukur Street. At one day be found two session ceremony. The first session start at 8 am, and the second session start at 1 pm. Each session take on two ours. The ceremony participant (graduation) must come one our before the agenda is start and official ceremony will show they chair location. The chair was numbered based on the number absent of the graduation. The ceremony start when Mr. Ganjar Kurnia (rector of UNPAD) and professors of UNPAD enter the hall. At the same time UNPAD choir sing Karatagan Padjadjaran song until they sit on chair at stage, front of hall. We start sing the nationalist song of Indonesia and Mengheningkan Cipta with the instruction from Mr. Ganjar. And then he call graduations name one by one. The graduation who called goes up into the stage, receive certificate from Rector. This part is so long and really bore because there was a hundreds graduations in one session ceremony.
If all of them was called, we start sing a song with title Persembahan untuk Ayah Ibu and continue with Hymne UNPAD. The ceremony is closed by prayer and last, Mr. Ganjar and professors of UNPAD leave the hall. When the agenda is over, the graduations throw their academic gown into the air. They look so happy and fun. At the same time, UNPAD choir sing several folk song for entertaining the graduations, they parents and another audience.
This activity is routine and often. Sometimes I feel bored. But there was one moment that always fun for me and my friends. That is moment when we sing Persembahan untuk Ayah Ibu. When we start to sing, deputy of graduation come close to they parent and give a bouquet of flowers. This part always make me touched even can make me cry while singing . Because I be reminded my parents, they love and fight for me until this time. Follow graduation ceremony can sprit me to be granted quickly and give my best result as my dedication and faith for them. I wish I can sit on chair’s graduation as soon as possible (not on singer chair again ), and my parents will be happy and proud of me, like other parents that came to ceremony graduation.

Hello, My Name is Amy Amadea. People call me Amy. I Live on Riung Mukti Street Number 6.  I was born in August 22nd, 1989 at Probolinggo, West Java. My Hobby is taking picture, reading, swimming, watching movies and listening to music. My favourite books are Harry Potter, Doraemon, Matilda, etc. My favourite authors are Enid Blyton, Roald Dahl, JK. Rowling, Raditya dhika, Mia Arsjad, and Fujiko F. Fujio. My Favourite musician are The Corrs and Mae.
Now I’m study at Padjadjaran University, majoring in Mathematics and Science. I’m on my second grade. My campus located on Dago Street Number 4. I also join university choir. I really enjoy being a member of it.
I have one brother and two sisters. My brother’s name is Arief Nugraha. He lives in Cilegon. He works at Krakatau Steel Company. He have married and has 3 children. My sister’s name are Anne Parlina and Astri Hayati. Anne lives in Pamulang. She works at BPPT. My other sister lives with me and my parents. She works in an oil distribution company.

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